Foreign Policy: National Interests and Values

remote indemnity National Interests and valueForeign Policy linking the nourishion of groundal interests and promotion of matter value.Great Britain has befuddled an empire and has not yet found a role.Implicit in the introductory quotation by Ameri washstand politician Dean Acheson (Hutchinson Encyclopedia, 2003) is the rationale that a nation has various choices in setting unlike constitution. A precursor to setting effective afield insurance indemnity is the need to do a extraneous policy vision, or a fundamental locating of what the nation would like to accomplish in the world atomic human activity 18na. Two considerations in setting a contrasted policy vision involve decision making if the nation should centering on promoting its set inter subjectly or if it should focus on defend its interior(a) interests.This essay ordain show that conflicting policy should not require a choice between defend informal interests and promoting discipline values rat her, it depart demonstrate that a nation dejection defend its subject field interests and, at the resembling season, assist its values in the world argonna. Beginning with separate sermons on protecting remove interests and on promoting values, the essay continues with an exploration of the linkages between promoting a nations values and protecting its internal interests. Fin every(prenominal) last(predicate)(prenominal)y, conclusions will be pre moveed.Before embarking on an exploration of theme interests and values in setting outside policy, a working commentary for the depot strange policy will be established to protagonist in framing the discussion. The state of Ireland (1996), in observing that there is no universally agreed definition of contradictory policy, furnishes this succinct definition for the term the pursuit by a state of its interests, concerns, and values in the outdoor(a) purlieu. Foreign Policy magazine (undated, cited in grok Law converse, undated) offers a roundwhat fuller, yet essentially supportive, definitionA remote policy is a set of political goals that seeks to outline how a particular state will interact with the opposite countries of the world. Foreign policies generally atomic number 18 slaming to garter protect a countrys bailiwick interests, depicted object certificate, ideological goals, and scotchal prosperity. This bunghole occur as a result of peaceful cooperation with otherwise nations, or through aggression, war, and exploitation. Creating abroad policy is usually the job of the head teacher of g everywherening proboscis and the overseas minister (or equivalent).The definition proposed by Foreign Policy magazine is accepted as the working definition in this context as it provides a to a greater extent complete description, although the Irish definition will also be referenced.Protecting National InterestsThe working definition for unconnected policy states, in part, that foreig n policy is designed to help protect a countrys field of study interests the Irish definition states, again in part, that foreign policy is the pursuit by a state of its interests. Each free country shtup be expected to earn diverse home(a) interests and thus a contrastive foreign policy focus be convey foreign policy reflects interests or concerns internal to the country act them, according to the Republic of Irelands White Paper on Foreign Policy (1996). Logically, then, the protection of home(a) interests through foreign policy is the protection of internal interests.Comparing the matter interests of Canada and the fall in States, twain closely-allied populateing countries which ar similar in many another(prenominal) instructions, provides insight into the extent to which field of study interests differ. Canadian foreign policy foc purposes on economic growth, social justice, quality of life, sovereignty and independence, peace and security, and harmonious fiel d environment with the first tercet cosmos the most important (Franks, 1997). Canadas neighbor to the south, the linked States, sets foreign policy at three directs. Vital interests, which plant the highest level, include the physical security of Ameri stool territory, the effectivety of American citizens, the economic well-being of American society, the protection of critical infrastructures from paralyzing beleaguers. Military troops lividthorn be utilize unilaterally and decisively to protect these vital interests. The min level includes those interests that do not affect subject survival only do influence bailiwick well-being (e.g. protection of the global environment and commitment to allies). Finally, do-gooder and other interests, including responses to discipline disasters and promotion of piece rights among others, are assigned at the third and lowest level (Gladkyy, 2003, citing White House, 1999). After the attack on the military some bodynel Trade Cente r on kinsfolk 11, 2001, the fall in States placed added emphasis on study security interests The Government of the unite States has no more important mission than (1) fighting terrorism overseas and (2) securing the homeland from future terrorist attacks. (Gladkyy, 2003, citing bush, 2001).The contrast between content interests expressed by Canada and the united States is a stark one indeed. The expressed issue interests of the fall in States are more reactive and could be considered to be more blackball in tone than those of Canada which seem more proactive and uplifting. Interestingly, and perhaps demonstrating Canadas internal cultural attributes, three of the countrys six areas of subject interest are focus on benignant bustmentsocial justice and quality of life, which are two of the three high priority interests, and a harmonious national environment. In contrast, humanitarian and other interests are relegated to the lowest priority national interests in the Unit ed States.Promoting National ValuesThe working definition for foreign policy states that foreign policy, in addition to protecting national interests as mentioned earlier, is designed to protect a countrysideological goals the Irish definition states that foreign policy, in addition to pursuing national interests, is the pursuit by a state of itsvalues in the impertinent environment. According to Latham (2002), the term values refers to subjective views of individuals intimately what is worthy or important. He continues that in politics, values are views about the ends that social institutions ought to advance, and the virtues they ought to em body. As governing body is a social institution, values are the views political sym racetrackiess should advance and virtues they should embody.Some examples of national values include freedom, democracy, free economies, and human dignity (The Hutchinson Encyclopedia, 2003). In addition, some national values can be discerned from the artic ulation of national interests. For instance, referring to Canadas national interests, one baron conclude that Canadas values include human rights, peace, and environmental harmony.National values can be promoted by various marrow ranging along a continuum from active to supine. As an example, the United States, in promoting democracy, has apply military actionthe most active modeand has modeled representative behaviorsthe most passive means. In between these two extremes, the United States has used other approaches including diplomacy, foreign aid, international broadcasting, and up to now covert political manipulations. (Parapan, 2005).Linking the Promotion of National Values to the Protection of National InterestsThe thesis for this essay is that foreign policy does not live with to involve a choice on the part of a nation between protecting its national interests and promoting its values in the world. A nation can do both and, conceivably, doing both effectively can enhan ce each one individually.A review of the literature revealed the by-line representative selections overlaying the foreign policy linkage between protecting national interests and promoting national valuesHaass (2003) claims that in the 21st century, the principal aim of American foreign policy is to integrate other countries and organizations into ar rollments that will sustain a world consistent with U.S. interests and values for the purpose of promoting peace, prosperity, and justice as astray as doable.Abrams (2000) states a foreign policy of dominance will not only advancenational interests but will preserve peace and promote the cause of democracy and human rights.Mead (1994) states that foreign policy is base on a combination of interests and values, calling attention to the struggles associated with defining the national interest and national values and relating the two concepts in an overall foreign policy strategy. employ the term progressive internationalism, Falk (20 04) summarizes a foreign policy based on four organizing opinionsthat embody a convergence of national values and interests national strength, liberal democracy, free enterprise, and world leadership.And, finally, Edel (2005) quotes U.S. President George W. Bushs second inaugural address in January 2005 Americas vitalinterests and our deepest beliefs are now one.Seiple (2003) cautions the United States to be uncompromising over their national values when promoting their national interests, contrasting the differences between expressed values of fair play, the use of the G hoaryen Rule, and the cherished freedoms of religion, association, and press and American interests revolving mostly somewhat economic access and a military that, by and large, is positioned around the world to protect that access. One factor that may complicate the coalition of national interests and national values in forming foreign policy is what might be considered to be an inherent conflict between the f actualism of national interests and the noble-mindedness of national values. Talbott (2000) expresses a contradiction between championing national interests and national values. He writes about the persistent effort to combine realism and high-mindedness in the role the United States plays in the world, continuing by stating that the American throng cast make clear that they demand something nobler and more selfless from their government and armed soldierys than the coldblooded calculus of raison detat or realpolitik in which European statecraft has often taken pride. McCraw (2003), in claiming that realism sees foreign policy as about national interests rather than promoting values, writes that this conflict explains why national governments father not been particularly identified with promoting human rights, a position that might be considered to be part of an idealistic foreign policy.The range of approaches nations can use in promoting national values as describe earlier c ould also be applied in protecting their national interestsmodeling behaviors, diplomacy, providing foreign aid, broadcasting their messages, conducting covert political manipulations, and taking military action. For instance, a country that demonstrates classless behavior may cause people in countries with totalitarian governments to push for parliamentary reforms. This to a large extent happened as formerly Communist countries of eastern Europe established democratic forms of government modeled aft(prenominal) those in countries of Western Europe and the United States in the latter part of the twentieth century. At the other extreme, the military aggression by the United Kingdom, the United States, and others into Iraq to purportedly establish a democratic government could be viewed as an example of forcing democratic values on a sovereign nation.The case of Iraq presents an interesting twist on the national values promotionnational interest protection issue, one that shows h ow the two are intertwined in foreign policy. In 2003, when the coalition of the willing invaded Iraq, the case for the incursion was based on the certainty that Saddam ibn Talal Hussein possessed weapons of mass final stage that could be used against other nations. This case reflected the desire to protect national interests, in this instance the safety of citizens. But, the invasion revealed that there were no weapons of mass destruction in Iraqno unmanned aerial vehicles, no terrorist training camps, no interdict Scud missiles, no nuclear weapons program (The Atlanta Journal and Constitution, 2004). When no such weapons were found, the rationale for the invasion changed to a desire to install a democratic government. The case changed from one of protecting national interests to promoting values, this time by military deposit.If the rationalewas truly altruisticto install a democratic form of government in Iraqand the installation of such a government would help promote the st ability of the region thereby ensuring the continued worldwide flow of oil (a strategic interest), then the invasion would represent an example of how the promotion of national values can be used as part of foreign policy to protect national interests. Whether the motive of installing a democratic government is true or simply a cover for the ill luck to find weapons of mass destruction is not a topic for this discussion however, the efficacy of forcibly installing a democratic government is appropriate. Parapan (2005) asks a probing question After all, what is it that terrorists hate? The American values and culture, or the American insistence on imposing those on others? Parapan suggests that reform essential come from within. Only time will tell whether the novel, more democratic government in Iraq will be accepted or replaced by another dictatorship or, dismantle worse, by anarchy. Future historians will be able to compare and contrast the long-term outcomes of the popularly -installed democratic governments in Eastern Europe with the forcibly-installed democratic government in Iraq to assess which approach was more effective.ConclusionsThis essay set out to show that foreign policy should not require a choice between protecting national interests and promoting national values rather, that a nation can protect its national interests and, at the same time, promote its values in the world. This thesis was proven with the cautiousness that the road to achieving this type of foreign policy can be difficult.With a working definition of foreign policy in hand, examples of national interests of Canada and the United States were compared and contrasted and examples of national values were presented and accompanied by a description of the continuum of methods countries can use in promoting their values. The definitions and discussions formed the foundation for establishing the linkage between promoting national values and protecting national interests.At the mo st basic level, the two definitions cited for foreign policy link the protection of national interests and promotion of national values as purposes of foreign policy. Five extracts resulting from a literature wait established the linkage between national interests and national values in foreign policy development (Abrams, 2000 Edel, 2005 Falk, 2004 Haass, 2003 Mead, 1994). Difficulties in linking interests and values in foreign policy were characterized as a conflict between realism and idealism (Seiple, 2003 Talbott, 2000). The approaches available to nations as they establish foreign policy that protects national interests were sh have got to be largely the same as those available to promote values. Examples from initiatives to establish democracies in Eastern Europe and in Iraq were compared and contrasted in the context of promoting national interests and promoting national values.In summary, nations can simultaneously protect their national interests and promote their national values through their foreign policy. Perhaps the proper promotion of national values, one that models the desired values and empowers the citizens of the receiving nation to make their own choices, can actually enhance the protection of national interests in the country implementing its foreign policy through its stabilizing effects in other separate of the world.BibliographyAbrams, Elliott (2000). American powerfor what? Commentary, January 1, 2000(The) Atlanta Journal and Constitution (2004) Strategy Make facts fitTime confirms the fabrications and exaggerations of the Bush administrations case for invading Iraq. June 23, 2004.Bush, George W. (2001) Securing the homeland Strengthening the nation, 2001. Cited in Gladkyy, Oleksandr (2003), American foreign policy and U.S. relations with Russia and chinaware after 11 September. World Affairs, June 22, 2003.Edel, Charles (2005), select our fights carefully. The Cincinnati Post, March 3, 2005.Falk, Richard (2004) Toward the revival of principled politics in America. American Tikkun, September 1, 2004.Foreign Policy (undated) Foreign policy. Cited in Labor Law Talk (undated), Foreign policy. Available from , undated Accessed April 14, 2005.Franks, C. E. S. (1997) White paper on foreign policy, The 1998 Canadian Encyclopedia, September 6, 1997.Gladkyy, Oleksandr (2003), American foreign policy and U.S. relations with Russia and China after 11 September. World Affairs, June 22, 2003.Haass, Richard N. (2003) Defining U.S. foreign policy in a post-post-Cold War world. DISAM Journal, January 1, 2003.(The) Hutchinson Encyclopedia (2003) Dean Acheson. From speech at the United States Military Academy at West Point, celestial latitude 5, 1962. April 22, 2003.(The) Hutchinson Encyclopedia (2003) US foreign policy in a changing world. September 22, 2003.Labor Law Talk (undated), Foreign policy. Available from , undated Accessed April 14, 2005.Latham, Stephen R. (2002) National values, institutions, and wellness policies what do they imply for Canadian Medicare reform? Canadian-American Public Policy, November 1, 2002.McCraw, David (2003) Analysing New Zealands foreign policy David McCraw replies to criticism advanced by Michael Bassett of his depiction of New Zealands approach to foreign affairs. New Zealand International Review, November 1, 2003.Mead, Walter Russell (1994) Lucid stars The American foreign policy tradition. World Policy Journal, December 22, 1994.Parapan, Manuela (2005) Why Arabs are anti-U.S. World and I, January 1, 2005.(The) Republic of Ireland (1996) The white paper on foreign policy Background to Irish foreign policy. Available from Accessed April 14, 2005.Seiple, Robert A. (2003) The privilege of power The US is right to oust Hussein but it must mend balance national values with national interests. The Christian Science Monitor, March 10, 2003.Talbott, Strobe (2000) Self-determination in an mutualist world. Foreign Policy, March 22, 2000.The White House (1999) A national se curity strategy for a new century. Defense Strategy Review Page, December 1999, 1-2. Cited in Gladkyy, Oleksandr (2003), American foreign policy and U.S. relations with Russia and China after 11 September. World Affairs, June 22, 2003.Stiff The meddling Lives Of Human CadaversStiff The Curious Lives Of Human CadaversAfter reading the agree Stiff I have gained a wear out understanding of what donating your body to science really means. by my search and by reading the book, I have decided that a person should most definitely present his or her body to science. I believe that once a person has died, there is nothing more that the person can do with his or her body. Why not pass away yourself to science and continue to help people even after you have passed away? I personally would like to die sagacious that I could potentially have the lives of millions.The first option for donating your body to science mentioned in the book is for the practice of cosmetic procedures. In the f irst chapter of the book, Mary rope attends a seminar where plastic surgeons perform variant cosmetic procedures on mud heads. The surgeons are able to practice new procedures on nonliving patients in the lead performing them on live patients. The cosmetic surgeons gain a give knowledge of human mannikin and how to perform specific procedures. Practicing on these patients is a good deal easier, since the patients do not have blood that would block their view of a humans basic anatomy and facial structure. The surgeons can see everything that is going on in the surgery clearly which will help them to better perform these surgeries later on. In addition to cosmetic procedures, I have learned through my interrogation that universities often provide stiffs for medical students to use as a way to advance their knowledge of the human body. In an article I read, it stated that before first-year medical students are allowed to lay their hands on the living, they must first learn the anatomy of the shortly. Students are required to take apart their hold upn body and nip at each section of a humans internal anatomy. Although it is possible to learn this information through high-tech simulators and body models, nothing can replace being able to see and touch a real body. This is why donating your body to science is important so that medical students will have the chance to learn from slain bodies, before operating on live ones.The third chapter of the book is set at a body upraise. A body farm is a research rapidness where human decomposition can be studied in many opposite settings. At the body farm, Mary lot sees a variety of dead bodies that are being used to study human decomposition. Each body is at a diametric stage of decay. Studying these bodies can help determine the time in which a person has died. In reality, this can help investigators determine the time of death of a corpse. Knowing the time of death can help solve crimes and murder inves tigations, an important piece of forensic science. In the book, dress circle mentions fly larvae as an important way to determine when a person has died. Forensic scientists can conclude how old the larvae on a cadaver are, and therefore decide how long the person has been dead for. Other methods of determining this can be used, such as looking at the potassium level in a persons eyelids or studying the stage of their decay. Not only are the giftd bodies at different phases of decomposition, they are also put into different scenarios. Every time a person dies, they are not going to be in the same setting. This is why researchers at the body farm have to put cadavers in different situations. The first body Mary Roach sees at the farm is wearing sweatpants, so that examiners can study the effects of decay on bodies that are wearing clothing. During my research, I have learned that some of the other scenarios bodies have been put in include being buried, left outside, and even subme rged in water. People die in all different settings, which is why it is important to know how a body reacts in these different environments. By donating your body to science, forensic scientists can learn the rate at which bodies decay, and therefore solve investigations later on.The fourth chapter involves the use of cadavers as settle test dummies. When a person donates his or her body to science, it is possible that he or she will be sent to a research facility where researchers study the effects of impact on the body. When car companies make new car models, it is necessary for them to test if a car provides safety to a human in the emergence of a separate. However, researchers cannot use nonhuman crash test dummies for these studies. Crash test dummies can tell you how much military a crash has unleashed on a body, but not how this force affects the body. Scientists need to know how much force a real body part can handle. For these test, researchers need subjects that will p rovide accurate results without cause harm or torment to them. In the past, dedicated researchers have donated themselves as dummies. However, this is neither safe and causes pain to the living researchers. Cadavers are better candidates, since they are not only human, but they also feel no pain and cannot sustain injury. During this section of the book, Mary Roach visits a facility where a simulated car accident is taking place on cadaver UM 006. The results from the car accident will help the car company know if the particular model will keep a person safe if a crash were to occur. Then, they can adjust the car to provide better safety. So someday, when a live human survives an accident, he or she has UM 006 to thank.In chapter six, Mary Roach discusses cadavers who are used to understand how bullets and bombs work, and how they affect the human body. Quite often, the bodies of people who exact to donate themselves to science are sent to facilities where the main goal of resear ch is to figure out how to better protect those who are often exposed to danger. As with most tests, researchers need subjects who give results that are realistic and accurate, and that do not feel pain. Cadavers fill these necessarily when it comes to testing items such as bulletproof vests, army-strength footwear, and other protective wear. To manipulate that our soldiers and police officers are safe, it is essential to guarantee that their equipment is safe and will dissent whatever circumstances they may endure. To do so, experiments are conducted to test these different items. Through these tests, researchers can tell if bulletproof vests will withstand the force of a shot, if boots will withstand the effects of a roadside bomb, and if multifarious protective wear can handle under pressure. All of these tests are important in protecting those who give their life to protect us.In chapter seven, Mary Roach discusses a controversial experiment that many people hire to donate themselves to. These trials have become known as the agony experiments. Throughout history, a number of scientists have been engrossed by the idea of recreating the crucifixion of Jesus Christ. Through trial and error, these scientists have each created their own theory about how Jesus was positioned on the cross and each event that took place during this time. Not only do some people choose to have their cadavers donated to this experimental process, but some actually volunteer themselves part they are still living. Although most people dont choose to take this path when donating their body, it is eer another option that could be considered.Throughout the book, Mary Roach touches a couple of times on the subject of organ donation. I believe that organ donation is one of the most honest and practical means of donating yourself to science. In all other cases of donating yourself to science, your body is not used to provide direct help to others. In these cases, your body is used for studies and research that could one day hopefully help someone else. When you choose to donate your variety meat, you are directly giving yourself to someone else. The second you are considered dead (whether your heart has stopped beating or you have been considered brain dead) your organs are give to another person who is in need. In a sense, you are able to live on through another person, or at least a piece of you is. According to the U.S. Department of wellness and Human Services, every eleven minutes a person is added to the hold list to receive an organ. Seventy-five people receive an organ transmit each day. However, twenty people die every day hold for an organ, because of the shortage of donated organs. When one person alone decides to become an organ donor, he or she could possibly save up to eight lives. So if you dont deficiency to join the body farm, be used as a working(a) patient, or become a human crash test dummy, I believe that deciding to become an orga n donor is the easiest way to save lives.The book Stiff gave me a much better understanding of what it means to donate your body to science. Making the choice to give yourself to scientific research could help an endless amount of people. After all, what are you planning to do with your body when you die? Why not give yourself to something rewarding and beneficial? If you dont want your dead body to be shot for scientific study or to receive a facelift once you have passed away, choose to become an organ donor. You could save up to eight lives, and die knowing youre going to continue to help others. One day, I will surely choose to donate my body to science, and potentially make life better for those who are still on earth.Personal ReviewI have always enjoyed reading, and throughout the years I have read all kinds of different stories. However, I have never a book kinda like Stiff. In Stiff, Mary Roach talked about a topic that most people would find repulsive and somewhat hard to even think about. Cadavers arent a usual subject when it comes to writing books. Yet, I suddenly loved it. Roach found a way to write about death in a humorous way without ever being disrespectful. Who knew reading about dead bodies could be so funny? The book was filled with interesting facts and never had a dull moment. Most of the time, I had trouble putting the book down. I could also see all the hard work and research Mary Roach put into it. She knew what she was talking about inside and out. She traveled to different countries, researched a countless number of events in history, and interviewed numerous people who were somehow related to the topic. She also mentioned every little detail about what was going on, which made it that much better. Roach never sugar coated anything. She always told everything like it was. Yet she always respected the cadavers and treated them like they were still alive.After reading this book, I feel much better informed about what it means to don ate your body to science. I never understood all the possibilities of what could happen to you if you made the choice to donate your cadaver. Mary Roach wrote everything on a level that I could understand without getting confused. I now feel much better prepared about deciding whether to donate my body or not. I have decided that I definitely would like to donate my body to science and make my contribution to society. I would like to be able to help others even after I have passed away. Without this book, I dont think I ever really would have considered donating my body as an option. I didnt understand what it meant or what would happen. Mary Roach convinced me to donate my body to science, and I believe others would feel the same.